{"aave":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, Aave is one of the largest decentralised lending protocols.

Aave was started in 2017 under EthLend name. Aave means a ghost in the Finnish language.\nThe latest version, Aave v3, was launched in 2023.\nAave has an ERC-20 token AAVE.

As the writing of this, Aave has been deployed several blockchains, including Ethereum,\nPolygon, Arbitrum and Optimism.

Aave has a protocol subset for real-world assets (RWAs) called Aave Arc.

See also

\n","name":"Aave","slug":"aave","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, Aave is one of the largest decentralised lending protocols"},"active-strategy":{"html":"

Active strategy in relation to algorithmic trading refers to a type of investment or trading approach that uses algorithms to make regular, data-driven decisions about buying and selling assets. This approach is designed to generate higher returns and outperform passive investment strategies.

Active strategies in algorithmic trading differ from passive strategies, which simply follow the market and hold assets for the long-term, in that they actively seek to generate higher returns through regular buying and selling of assets. This can involve taking advantage of short-term market movements, or making trades based on a variety of market indicators and economic data.

See also

\n","name":"Active strategy","slug":"active-strategy","shortDescription":"Active strategy in relation to algorithmic trading refers to a type of investment or trading approach that uses algorithms to make regular, data-driven decisions about buying and selling assets"},"aggregate-return":{"html":"

Aggregate returns in portfolio refer to the percentage difference from period to period of the value of a portfolio.

It is calculated by taking the change in the value of the portfolio and expressing it as a percentage of the original invested amount.\nThis generates a time series of interim net asset values.

\n","name":"Aggregate return","slug":"aggregate-return","shortDescription":"Aggregate returns in portfolio refer to the percentage difference from period to period of the value of a portfolio"},"airdrop":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, airdop is a method to distritube tokens\nfor the project users for free.

The goals of an airdrop include making the protocol more decentralised and rewarding the users.\nThe airdrop involves sending tokens or making them claimable to the users\nthrough a Merkle tree method.

Historically famous airdrops include Uniswap, Optimism and Juno.

Liquidity mining is somewhat similar mechnanism to airdrop.

See also

\n","name":"Airdrop","slug":"airdrop","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, airdop is a method to distritube tokens\nfor the project users for free"},"algorithmic-trading":{"html":"

Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume.

It involves making trading decisions based on pre-set rules that are programmed into a computer. Python is often used for algorithmic trading due to its ability to handle complex calculations and its flexibility. Algorithmic trading strategies can be used to find potential trades and optimise the timing of trades.

See also

Trading strategy
Automated trading strategy

\n","name":"Algorithmic trading","slug":"algorithmic-trading","shortDescription":"Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume"},"alpha-generation-platform":{"html":"

An alpha generation platform is a technology used in algorithmic trading to develop quantitative financial models, or trading strategies, that generate consistent returns.

Alpha generation platforms are tools used by hedge funds, banks, CTAs and other financial institutions to help develop and test quantitative trading strategies.\nAlpha generation platforms support quants in the creation of efficient and productive quantitative trading strategies.

See

Alpha model
Portfolio construction

\n","name":"Alpha generation platform","slug":"alpha-generation-platform","shortDescription":"An alpha generation platform is a technology used in algorithmic trading to develop quantitative financial models, or trading strategies, that generate consistent returns"},"alpha-model":{"html":"

An alpha model is a mathematical or quantitative framework used to generate trading signals that can be used in portfolio construction.

The alpha model seeks to identify assets that are likely to outperform or underperform their peers, based on a variety of factors and variables.

Alpha models can be constructed using a variety of techniques, such as statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, or financial modeling. The inputs to an alpha model may include company financial statements, price and volume data, macroeconomic indicators, and other market data.

Once an alpha model generates trading signals, the portfolio manager can use those signals to construct a portfolio that aims to generate alpha (i.e., excess returns) relative to a benchmark index. The portfolio manager may use other tools, such as risk management techniques or diversification strategies, to manage portfolio risk and optimize performance.

It is important to note that alpha models are not foolproof and can be subject to various biases and errors. As such, portfolio managers must continually test and refine their alpha models to ensure that they are producing accurate and robust trading signals.

See also

\n","name":"Alpha model","slug":"alpha-model","shortDescription":"An alpha model is a mathematical or quantitative framework used to generate trading signals that can be used in portfolio construction"},"alpha-signal":{"html":"

In portfolio construction, an alpha signal refers to a metric or indicator used to identify investments that are likely to outperform the broader market. Alpha signals can be derived from a variety of sources, including fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and quantitative models.

The goal of using an alpha signal is to identify securities that are undervalued or overvalued compared to their peers, and to use that information to construct a portfolio that generates excess returns (i.e., alpha) relative to a benchmark index.

Examples of alpha signals include measures of company profitability, earnings growth, price momentum, and valuation ratios. A portfolio manager may use one or more alpha signals to construct a portfolio that is expected to outperform the benchmark index.

See also

\n","name":"Alpha signal","slug":"alpha-signal","shortDescription":"In portfolio construction, an alpha signal refers to a metric or indicator used to identify investments that are likely to outperform the broader market"},"amm":{"html":"

Automated market maker (AMM) is a bonding curve based decentralised exchange.

An automated market maker (AMM) is a type of decentralised exchange (DEX) that uses algorithmic smart contracts to make it easy for individual traders to buy and sell crypto assets. Instead of trading directly with other people as with a traditional order book, users trade directly through the AMM. AMMs facilitate the decentralised exchange of digital assets using liquidity pools rather than conventional market order books.

AMMs can be often seen as the opposite of order book markets.\nIn an AMM, the user is trading against liquidity pool.

AMMs can be

Bonding curve based using XY liquidity model.
CLMM based using concentrated liquidity model

Example AMMs include Uniswap, Curve, Sushi, Trader Joe.

See also

\n","name":"AMM","slug":"amm","shortDescription":"Automated market maker (AMM) is a bonding curve based decentralised exchange"},"app-chain":{"html":"

An App Chain, also known as an application-specific blockchain, is a blockchain that is exclusively designed to operate one specific application.

App Chain eliminates competition for resources away from everyone else using the chain, allowing for greater scalability and flexibility

Popular app chains include

DyDx decentralised futures exchange
Vega Protocol exchange
Stargaze NFT chain on Cosmos

\n
\n
Swimmer Network - the app chain for Crabada idle-game
\n
\n

See also

\n","name":"App Chain","slug":"app-chain","shortDescription":"An App Chain, also known as an application-specific blockchain, is a blockchain that is exclusively designed to operate one specific application"},"arrow":{"html":"

Apache Arrow is an open-source, cross-platform columnar data format that is used for storing and processing large amounts of data efficiently. It was designed to address some of the performance and scalability challenges associated with traditional row-based data storage and processing methods.

Arrow provides a common format for storing data, which can be used across multiple platforms and programming languages, including C++, Java, Python, and R. This allows for faster data processing and improved performance, as data can be shared and processed efficiently between different applications and systems.

In addition to its performance benefits, Arrow also provides a number of other advantages, such as support for a wide range of data types and low overhead. This makes it well-suited for use in big data and analytics applications, as well as other data-intensive projects.

More information.

\n","name":"Arrow","slug":"arrow","shortDescription":"Apache Arrow is an open-source, cross-platform columnar data format that is used for storing and processing large amounts of data efficiently"},"auto-compounding":{"html":"

Auto-compounding is an investment strategy in which the user’s investment yields are automatically reinvested into the investment principal at regular intervals.

Compounding is a powerful investing concept that involves earning returns on both the original investment and on returns received previously.\nIt is considered one of the smartest investment strategies, as it can generate additional earnings over time.

See also

\n","name":"Auto-compounding","slug":"auto-compounding","shortDescription":"Auto-compounding is an investment strategy in which the user’s investment yields are automatically reinvested into the investment principal at regular intervals"},"automated-trading-strategy":{"html":"

Automated trading strategies are computer programs that follow a defined set of instructions to execute trade orders.

Common automated trading strategies include moving average cross strategies, which buy when the stock price rises above the moving average and sell when it falls below, and trend-following strategies, which follow the mainstream trends and momentum in the market.

See also

\n","name":"Automated trading strategy","slug":"automated-trading-strategy","shortDescription":"Automated trading strategies are computer programs that follow a defined set of instructions to execute trade orders"},"autonomous-agent":{"html":"

An autonomous agent is a software program or system that can operate independently and make decisions on its own, without direct intervention from a human. This type of technology is designed to perform specific tasks or functions, such as data processing, problem-solving, decision-making, and even physical actions.

Autonomous agents typically use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to analyse data, make decisions, and interact with the environment. They are designed to work in complex, dynamic environments, and can respond to changes in real-time.

\n","name":"Autonomous agent","slug":"autonomous-agent","shortDescription":"An autonomous agent is a software program or system that can operate independently and make decisions on its own, without direct intervention from a human"},"avalanche":{"html":"

Avalanche is a blockchain based on Avalanche consensus protocol.

Avalanche supports subnets, where each subnet is partially independent blockchain\nhaving its own properties. Some subnets, like Avalanche C-Chain are EVM-Compatible.\nSome subnets, can be more optimised. Subnets can be also app chains.

The native token of Avalanche is AVAX.\nThe most popular decentralised exchange on Avalanche is Trader Joe.

Popular subnets include

Avalanche C-Chain, generic EVM-Compatible chain
Dexalot - EVM-Compatible decentralised exchange chain
Swimmer Network - the app chain for Crabada idle-game

See also

\n","name":"Avalanche","slug":"avalanche","shortDescription":"Avalanche is a blockchain based on Avalanche consensus protocol"},"backtest":{"html":"

Simulating the efficiency of a trading strategy against historical data.

Backtesting is the process of analysing historical trade data to see how a trading strategy would have performed statistically in the past. It is a key component of effective trading system development and can be used to test a trading hypothesis/strategy on the historical data.

See also

\n","name":"Backtest","slug":"backtest","shortDescription":"Simulating the efficiency of a trading strategy against historical data"},"backtrader":{"html":"

An old Python based algorithmic trading framework for strategy backtesting and live execution.\nNo longer maintained.

See documentation.

\n","name":"Backtrader","slug":"backtrader","shortDescription":"An old Python based algorithmic trading framework for strategy backtesting and live execution"},"base-token":{"html":"

A base token, in the context of cryptocurrencies, refers to the primary token or asset used in a specific trading pair or exchange. The base token is the token that is being traded or exchanged for another token, typically a quote token, see also quote token. For example, in the trading pair BTC/USD, BTC is the base token and USD is the quote token. The price of the quote token is quoted in terms of the base token.

The base token is an important concept in the cryptocurrency market, as it determines the value of the other token in a trading pair. In other words, the price of the quote token is derived from the price of the base token. This relationship between the base token and the quote token is used to determine the price of the quote token, which can then be used to determine the value of other assets that are pegged to it.

See also

\n","name":"Base token","slug":"base-token","shortDescription":"A base token, in the context of cryptocurrencies, refers to the primary token or asset used in a specific trading pair or exchange"},"bear-market":{"html":"

A bear market is a condition in the stock market where the overall trend is downward and prices are falling. It is characterised by widespread pessimism and negative investor sentiment, leading to a decrease in the prices of securities. In a bear market, most asset classes tend to decline, and it can last anywhere from a few months to several years. During a bear market, it is common for investors to sell their holdings, leading to further declines in prices. The opposite of a bear market is a bull market, where prices are rising and investor sentiment is positive. Bear markets can be caused by various factors, such as economic recession, high unemployment, and declining corporate earnings.

\n","name":"Bear market","slug":"bear-market","shortDescription":"A bear market is a condition in the stock market where the overall trend is downward and prices are falling"},"best-trading-algorithm":{"html":"

The best trading algorithm in the world is one that makes most profit.

Depending on the the market situation and available trading pairs,\nthe best trading algorithm can vary day by day, or depending whether the markets are in\nbull market or bear market.

See trading strategy term\nto get an overall summary of different available trading algorithms.

A trading algoritmn can generally yield 5% - 300% yearly profit depending on the\namount of deployed capital and the market size. The goal is to beat risk-free rate.

The usual ways to rank trading algorithms include

Cumulative profit
Risk-adjusted return

See also

\n","name":"Best trading algorithm","slug":"best-trading-algorithm","shortDescription":"The best trading algorithm in the world is one that makes most profit"},"blockchain-snapshot":{"html":"

A chain snapshot is a dump of the chain state.\nBy downloading the snapsnot a new blockchain node can sync faster\nto the chain tip, instead of downloading each block and verifying\neach transaction individually from the peer-to-peer network.

The snapshot may be

Chain built-in sync mechanism: Ethereum Snapshot Protocol (SNAP)
Erigon BitTorrent snapshots - Erigon uses internal BitTorrent client to download https://github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-snapshot
Manually hosted snapshot: Polygon manually hosted snapshot downloads

Different snapshots offer different security guarantees. For example, when downloading\na snapshot from a Polygon manually hosted snapshot repository, you trust that the admins of this repository\nhave not modified the current historical blockchain state. The built-in Ethereum Snapshot Protocol\nverifies from the peer-to-peer network that the snap state is correct.

How much snapshot speeds up the node sync depends on what kind of node you want to run:\nfull node without event history, a full node with event history or archive node.\nFor example, even with a snapshot syncing a BNB Chain full node with event history\nwill take several weeks, because Erigon needs to construct the historical events\nfrom the raw blocks after the download, as historical events are not precomputed in the\nsnapshot.

Read the blog post about snapshots.

\n","name":"Blockchain snapshot","slug":"blockchain-snapshot","shortDescription":"A chain snapshot is a dump of the chain state"},"bnb-chain":{"html":"

BNB Chain is an EVM-Compatible blockchain from the Binance cryptocurrency exchange.

BNB Chain is a direct fork of Ethereum.

BNB Chain offers good interaction with the Binance cryptocurrency exchange (CEX), making it attractive\nfor the users of this exchange. As of the writing of this, Binance has a 70% market\nshare of the cryptocurrency trading volume, making it very dominant in the blockchain industry.

BNB Chain is based on centralised, proof-of-authority. model.\nBNB Chain was recently halted in a hack.\nIt uses BNB token\nas its native token.

The dominating decentralised exchange on BNB Chain is PancakeSwap.

See also

\n","name":"BNB Chain","slug":"bnb-chain","shortDescription":"BNB Chain is an EVM-Compatible blockchain from the Binance cryptocurrency exchange"},"bollinger-bands":{"html":"

Bollinger Bands are a technical analysis indicator used to measure market volatility and identify potential buying or selling opportunities. The indicator consists of a set of three lines plotted on a price chart, with the middle line being a simple moving average of the security’s price, and the upper and lower bands serving as a measure of volatility, typically set 2 standard deviations away from the moving average.

In a market with low volatility, the Bollinger Bands will be closer together, while in a market with high volatility, the bands will be further apart. When prices move outside the upper band, it can be a sign that the security is overbought, and a potential selling opportunity, while a move below the lower band can indicate that the security is oversold and a potential buying opportunity.

Bollinger Bands are widely used by traders and investors in making investment decisions, as well as in setting stop-loss orders and determining potential profit targets.

See also

\n","name":"Bollinger bands","slug":"bollinger-bands","shortDescription":"Bollinger Bands are a technical analysis indicator used to measure market volatility and identify potential buying or selling opportunities"},"bonding-curve":{"html":"

In a bonding curve based exchange, like an AMM, market makers do not set limit\norders to provide liquidity. Instead, the liquidity follows a predefined mathematical function. Every time\nthere is a buy or a sell, the price moves up or down defined by this function.

See also

\n","name":"Bucket","slug":"bucket","shortDescription":"The (time) bucket to a time period for candle data"},"bull-market":{"html":"

A bull market is a condition in the stock market where the overall trend is upward and prices are rising. It is characterised by widespread optimism and positive investor sentiment, leading to an increase in the prices of securities. In a bull market, most asset classes tend to rise, and it can last anywhere from a few months to several years. During a bull market, it is common for investors to buy assets, leading to further price increases. The opposite of a bull market is a bear market, where prices are falling and investor sentiment is negative. Bull markets can be driven by various factors, such as a strong economy, low unemployment, and rising corporate earnings.

\n","name":"Bull market","slug":"bull-market","shortDescription":"A bull market is a condition in the stock market where the overall trend is upward and prices are rising"},"candle":{"html":"

Candle, or a candlestick is a type of price chart used in technical analysis that displays the high, low, open, and closing prices of an asset for a specific time period, or bucket.

More information on Wikipedia.

See also

OHLCV
Bucket

\n","name":"Candle","slug":"candle","shortDescription":"Candle, or a candlestick is a type of price chart used in technical analysis that displays the high, low, open, and closing prices of an asset for a specific time period, or bucket"},"cex":{"html":"

CEX is an acronym for a centralised cryptocurrency exchange.

It is the opposite of DEX. In a centralised cryptocurrency exchange,\nthe exchange takes custody of your assets in a non-transparent manner. You are 100%\ntrusting that the exchange does not have technical issues or fraud issues\nwhen it comes to managing your assets.

\n","name":"CEX","slug":"cex","shortDescription":"CEX is an acronym for a centralised cryptocurrency exchange"},"clmm":{"html":"

CLMM stands for Concentrated Liquidity Market Maker.

CLMM is a form of AMM.\nCLMMs provide more capital-efficient liquidity on a DEX.

It allows liquidity providers to set specific price ranges,\nadd single-sided liquidity and do range order trading,\nsimilar to order books.

See also

\n","name":"CLMM","slug":"clmm","shortDescription":"CLMM stands for Concentrated Liquidity Market Maker"},"clone":{"html":"

Fork is a a product launched based on the open source code of another existing product. Also known as fork.

See fork for details.

\n","name":"Clone","slug":"clone","shortDescription":"Fork is a a product launched based on the open source code of another existing product"},"cumulative-profit":{"html":"

Cumulative profit tells the overall profit of trading strategy over a time.

Cumulative profit is the excess of net income and gains over net losses, determined on a cumulative basis from the inception of an investment fund through to its termination date.\nIt includes realized trading P&L, positions open P&L, and other total profits or losses generated since the trading strategy’s inception.

To calculate cumulative profit, one must add together all net profit numbers over a specific time frame.

See also

\n","name":"Cumulative profit","slug":"cumulative-profit","shortDescription":"Cumulative profit tells the overall profit of trading strategy over a time"},"cumulative-return":{"html":"

Cumulative return is the total change in the investment price over a set time, taking into account reinvested dividends or capital gains.\nIt allows for investors to measure the performance of an investment over a certain period of time.\nIt is is distinct from annualized return which measures the rate of return over a given period of time.

Cumulative return is calculated by taking the gain (or loss) of the investment over a certain time period and dividing it by the principal value of that investment.\nIt can also be calculated using the standard returns of each period, where Rc = (1 + R1)(1 + R2) - 1.

\n","name":"Cumulative return","slug":"cumulative-return","shortDescription":"Cumulative return is the total change in the investment price over a set time, taking into account reinvested dividends or capital gains"},"curl":{"html":"

cURL (Client URL) is a command-line tool that enables data exchange between a device and a server through a terminal.\nIt provides a library (libcurl) and command-line tool (curl) for transferring data using various network protocols.\ncURL commands allow users to transfer data without user interaction using supported libcurl libraries[5]

See also

\n","name":"Decentralised exchange","slug":"decentralised-exchange","shortDescription":"Decentralised exchange (DEX) is an asset trading exchange where all trades happen purely on-chain"},"decentralised-finance":{"html":"

Decentralised finance (DeFi) is an emerging financial technology that challenges the current centralised banking system.

Decentralised finance refers to a set of newly emerging financial products and services that operate on blockchains using cryptocurrency and\nsmart contract technology.\nDeFi eliminates the fees that banks and other financial institutions charge, making it more accessible to anyone with an internet connection.\nThus, decentralised finance is the opposite of traditional finance (TradFi).

Decentralised finance activities happen on-chain,\nand are protocol based where users connect with their wallets.\nThe underlying concept that DeFi services are non-custodial without direct counterparty humans\nand intermediates make them very efficient.

Decentralised finance can be seen to be a subset of web3. If decentralised finance\ntrades real-world assets, they are called RWAs.

Example decentralised finance protocols includ\ndecentralised exchanges,\nlike Uniswap and lending protocols like Aave.\nOther famous decentralised finance protocols include Curve, MakerDAO, Compound,\nEuler and SushiSwap.

See also

\n","name":"Decentralised finance","slug":"decentralised-finance","shortDescription":"Decentralised finance (DeFi) is an emerging financial technology that challenges the current centralised banking system"},"defi":{"html":"

DeFi stands for Decentralised finance.

See decentralised finance for the full description.

\n","name":"DeFi","slug":"defi","shortDescription":"DeFi stands for Decentralised finance"},"deterministic":{"html":"

In mathematics, computer science and physics, a deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is involved in the development of future states of the system. A deterministic model will thus always produce the same output from a given starting condition or initial state.

\n","name":"Deterministic","slug":"deterministic","shortDescription":"In mathematics, computer science and physics, a deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is involved in the development of future states of the system"},"dex":{"html":"

DEX is an acronym for DEcentralised eXchange.

For more information see decentralised exchange description.

\n","name":"DEX","slug":"dex","shortDescription":"DEX is an acronym for DEcentralised eXchange"},"directional-strategy":{"html":"

A directional strategy is a type of trading or investment strategy that involves taking a bullish or bearish view on a particular asset or market.

This means that the strategy is based on the expectation of the asset or market moving in a specific direction, either up or down.

Directional strategies are typically used by traders and investors who are trying to profit from market movements. They can take various forms, including long positions (where an investor buys an asset with the expectation that its price will increase), short positions (where an investor sells an asset with the expectation that its price will decrease), or a combination of both.

Some common examples of directional strategies include trend-following, momentum trading, and breakout trading. These strategies often involve using technical analysis, fundamental analysis, or both to identify market trends, momentum, or key price levels, and to make investment decisions.

See also

Trading strategy
Active strategy

\n","name":"Directional strategy","slug":"directional-strategy","shortDescription":"A directional strategy is a type of trading or investment strategy that involves taking a bullish or bearish view on a particular asset or market"},"docker":{"html":"

Linux process and packaging management framework. Ideal for managing\nlong-running server-side processes.

See Docker.com for more information.

\n","name":"Docker","slug":"docker","shortDescription":"Linux process and packaging management framework"},"dollar-cost-averaging-(dca)":{"html":"

Dollar cost averaging (DCA) is an investment strategy in which an investor divides a larger sum of money into smaller investments, made at regular intervals over a longer period of time. The goal of dollar cost averaging is to reduce the impact of market volatility on the investment portfolio by spreading out the investment over time, rather than investing the entire amount at once.

For example, an investor who wants to invest $10,000 in a stock may choose to invest $1,000 every month for 10 months, rather than investing the full $10,000 in one lump sum.

This approach can help to reduce the impact of short-term market fluctuations and allow the investor to accumulate more shares when prices are low and fewer shares when prices are high.

\n","name":"Dollar cost averaging (DCA)","slug":"dollar-cost-averaging-(dca)","shortDescription":"Dollar cost averaging (DCA) is an investment strategy in which an investor divides a larger sum of money into smaller investments, made at regular intervals over a longer period of time"},"drawdown":{"html":"

How much in percent terms the asset goes or can go down.

Drawdown refers to the peak-to-trough decline in the value of an investment, usually measured as the percentage of an investment’s peak value. It is a measure of the risk of an investment, as it indicates the amount that an investment can decline before it reaches a new high. Drawdown can also refer to the period of time during which an investment’s value is in decline.

See also

Maximum drawdown
Risk-adjusted return

\n","name":"Drawdown","slug":"drawdown","shortDescription":"How much in percent terms the asset goes or can go down"},"ema":{"html":"

Exponential moving average. One of the most common technical indicators.\nBy comparing the current price of an asset to the moving average price,\none can determine if the current price is likely dislodged above or\nbelow the market trend.

See this post for more information on simple and exponential moving average.

See also

Trading strategy
Technical indicator

\n","name":"EMA","slug":"ema","shortDescription":"Exponential moving average"},"enzyme-protocol":{"html":"

Enzyme is a fund back-office protocol for EVM-compatible blockchains.

Enzyme offers vaults where investors can invest to different\ntrading strategies. Enzyme protocol is non-custodial.

Read Enzyme Finance for more information.

See also

Decentralised exchange
Lending pool

\n","name":"Enzyme protocol","slug":"enzyme-protocol","shortDescription":"Enzyme is a fund back-office protocol for EVM-compatible blockchains"},"equity-curve":{"html":"

An equity curve is a graphical representation of the change in the value of a trading account over a time period.

Equity curves are used by traders to determine the viability of their trading strategies.\nA good equity curve has an even slope, small and short-lived drawdowns, and a good amount of trades to make the observation statistically significant.

Equity curve trading is a methodology where a trading strategy is turned on and off based on the performance of an equity curve, which is a plot showing the growth of capital over time from one specific trading strategy or portfolio.

See also

\n","name":"Equity curve","slug":"equity-curve","shortDescription":"An equity curve is a graphical representation of the change in the value of a trading account over a time period"},"erc-20":{"html":"

ERC-20 is the original token standard for Ethereum.

ERC-20 is a technical standard used to issue and implement tokens on the Ethereum blockchain.\nIt was proposed in November 2015 by Ethereum developer Fabian Vogelsteller and defines a common set of rules such as how the tokens can be transferred, how transactions are approved, and the total supply of tokens. ERC-20 tokens are the most commonly used tokens on the Ethereum network and are designed to be used for paying for functions.

ERC-20 token standard has several limitations and architectural shortcomings.\nIts approve() and permit() based functions, originally planned for having\nbetter smart contract security in Solidity, have proven to be an attractive\nvector for scams as normal users do not understand they are transferring tokens\nwhen calling these methods from their wallets.

The token standard has been adopted by other EVM-based blockchains like\nBNB Chain, Polygon, Avalanche C-Chain and Fantom.

See also

\n","name":"ERC-20","slug":"erc-20","shortDescription":"ERC-20 is the original token standard for Ethereum"},"erigon":{"html":"

The Erigon node is an implementation of Ethereum written in Go, designed to run archive nodes that manage large amounts of on-chain data.\nIt is a decentralized blockchain node provider that provides a secure, private, and scalable blockchain infrastructure.\nIf you want to host your own JSON-RPC API access to raw EVM blockchain data,\nErigon is a good option.

Erigon is one of the two most popular Ethereum clients, alongside GoEthereum.\nThe benefits of Erigon over GoEthereum include better disk space usage\nand performance due to more advanced database structures. Internally Erigon uses Lightning Memory-Mapped Database Manager (LMDB).

Erigon supports some alternative blockchains to Ethereum mainnet,\nlike Polygon and BNB Chain. Erigon is not available for all EVM-compatible networks, as the project was started many years after GoEthereum, which had become the de facto standard EVM implementation at that point.

\n","name":"Erigon","slug":"erigon","shortDescription":"The Erigon node is an implementation of Ethereum written in Go, designed to run archive nodes that manage large amounts of on-chain data"},"evm-compatible":{"html":"

EVM compatible means that a blockchain uses the same EVM architecture\nas the original Ethereum mainnet and is its clone.

EVM compatible blockchains can use the existing smart contracts\nlike ERC-20 unmodified. They can also blockchain explorers,\nwallets and such with little modifications. This has lead to\nborn to Ethereum clone chains like Polygon, Avalanche C-Chain and\nBNB Chain.

See also

\n","name":"EVM-compatible","slug":"evm-compatible","shortDescription":"EVM compatible means that a blockchain uses the same EVM architecture\nas the original Ethereum mainnet and is its clone"},"exposure":{"html":"

The risk of a strategy for the volatility of a particular asset. For example, if you have 100% exposure to ETH and ETH prices drops to zero, you lose all of your money.

\n","name":"Exposure","slug":"exposure","shortDescription":"The risk of a strategy for the volatility of a particular asset"},"face-value":{"html":"

In finance, the face value is the nominal value of a financial instrument such as a bond, stock, or currency. For a bond, the face value is the amount that the bond will be worth when it matures. For a stock, the face value is the original value assigned to the stock when it is issued. For currency, the face value is the value printed on the currency.

For example, Digital Currency Group took over the defaulted Three Arrows Capital\nloan of $1.1B from its subsidiary, Genesis\nat its face value\neven though\nit is unlikely the money will ever be recovered. The fair value\nof this loan would have been much less.

See also

Portfolio construction

\n","name":"Factor investing","slug":"factor-investing","shortDescription":"Factor investing is an investment approach that chooses securities based on attributes that have historically been associated with higher returns"},"fair-value":{"html":"

In finance, fair value is an estimate of the intrinsic value of an asset or liability, based on the most recent market data or other relevant information. The concept of fair value is used to measure the value of an asset or liability that is not traded in an active market, such as in accounting and financial reporting.\nIt’s the estimated amount for which an asset or liability should exchange on the measurement date between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s-length transaction.\nIt’s used for financial reporting and taxes, among other purposes. The calculation can be complex, as it often involves estimates and assumptions about future events, such as cash flow projections, volatility, risk, and other factors.

For example, Digital Currency Group took over the defaulted Three Arrows Capital\nloan of $1.1B from its subsdiary Genesis\nat its face value\neven though\nit is unlikely the money will ever be recovered. The fair value\nof this loan would have been much less.

See also

\n","name":"Fork","slug":"fork","shortDescription":"Fork is a a product launched based on the open source code of another existing product"},"fundamental-analysis":{"html":"

Fundamental analysis is a method used in finance and investing to evaluate the intrinsic value of a security or asset by examining its underlying economic and financial characteristics and performance. The goal of fundamental analysis is to assess the economic viability and financial health of a company, and to determine if the current market price of its securities reflects its true worth.

In fundamental analysis, investors analyse a wide range of financial and economic data, including financial statements, industry trends, and macroeconomic indicators, to gain insight into a company’s earnings potential, growth prospects, and risk factors. Key metrics analysed include revenue, earnings, profitability, and cash flow, as well as debt levels, management quality, and competitive position.

\n","name":"Fundamental analysis","slug":"fundamental-analysis","shortDescription":"Fundamental analysis is a method used in finance and investing to evaluate the intrinsic value of a security or asset by examining its underlying economic and financial characteristics and performance"},"gm":{"html":"

In decentralised finance and web3, GM is a meme of saying “good morning”.

It is a polite greeting people use to notify they have arrived online. Despite what the name says,\nit can be used at any time of a day.

The meme is very popular. For example, Warpcast client for Farcast Web3 protocol has a built-in “GM” button.

See also

Web3
Decentralised finance

\n","name":"GM","slug":"gm","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance and web3, GM is a meme of saying “good morning”"},"google-colab":{"html":"

Google Colab is a free Jupyter notebook environment that runs entirely in the cloud.\nIt does not require a setup and allows users to combine executable code, rich text, images, HTML, LaTeX and more in a single document.\nIt provides free access to GPUs and TPUs for anyone who needs them to build machine learning or deep learning models.

See also

Python
Jupyter notebook

\n","name":"Google Colab","slug":"google-colab","shortDescription":"Google Colab is a free Jupyter notebook environment that runs entirely in the cloud"},"high-frequency-trading":{"html":"

High-frequency trading, or HFT for short, is a trading strategy where you compete with technical speed.

HFT strategies include arbitration, cross-market market making or such and compete against the other actors with your technical speed.\nIn decentralised finance, there is a special category of high-frequency trading called MEV.

See also

\n","name":"High-frequency trading","slug":"high-frequency-trading","shortDescription":"High-frequency trading, or HFT for short, is a trading strategy where you compete with technical speed"},"historical-market-data":{"html":"

Historical market data refers to past market information, including prices, volume, and other related metrics, for a specific security, asset class, or financial market. This data is used by traders, investors, and financial professionals to analyse market trends, evaluate investment opportunities, and make informed investment decisions.

Historical market data can be collected and analysed over various time frames, including daily, weekly, monthly, or even yearly, and can cover different asset classes, including stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies. This information is critical in providing insights into past market behaviour and can be used to identify patterns and trends, develop trading strategies, and make informed predictions about future market movements.

Historical market data is widely available through a variety of sources, including financial data providers, stock exchanges, and government agencies.

You can download decentralised finance historical data using Trading Strategy client.

See also

\n","name":"Historical market data","slug":"historical-market-data","shortDescription":"Historical market data refers to past market information, including prices, volume, and other related metrics, for a specific security, asset class, or financial market"},"honey-pot":{"html":"

In decentralised finance a honey pot describes a trading pair or a token\ndesigned to fool trading strategies. This is made possible\nby ERC-20 flexibility allowing it to have custom transfer and ownership rules,\nwhere the token owner and deployer manipulates balances.

The scams include “buy only” tokens, tokens with token tax or\ntrading pools where the owner can drain quote token away. Usually\ntrading algorithms are baited with “up only” price manipulation\ntechniques and wash trading to believe that the trading pair is robust with good momentum\nand volume.

See also

\n","name":"HyperSDK","slug":"hypersdk","shortDescription":"HyperSDK is an optimised software development kit to build blockchains from Avalanche"},"indexvm":{"html":"

IndexVM is a blockchain virtual machine built on the top of HyperSDK\ndedicated to increasing the usefulness of the world’s content-addressable data by enabling anyone to index it.

See IndexVM on Github.

See also

\n","name":"IndexVM","slug":"indexvm","shortDescription":"IndexVM is a blockchain virtual machine built on the top of HyperSDK\ndedicated to increasing the usefulness of the world’s content-addressable data by enabling anyone to index it"},"json":{"html":"

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate.

It is a text format that is used to transmit data between a server and a web application, as well as between different parts of a web application.\nJSON is commonly used in web development for tasks such as sending and receiving data between a server and a client-side web application, or for storing data in a format that can be easily exchanged between different systems.

JSON is based on a subset of the JavaScript programming language, and it is often used with JavaScript, although it can be used with any programming language that can parse and generate JSON data.

JSON data is organized into key-value pairs, where keys are strings and values can be strings, numbers, arrays, objects, booleans, or null.

See also

Python

\n","name":"JSON","slug":"json","shortDescription":"JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate"},"jupyter-notebook":{"html":"

Jupyter Noteook is a popular Python based data science tool.

Jupyter allows users to run data research notebooks interactively.

Jupyter notebooks can be easily shared, run on your local computer or on a hosted cloud environment, both free and paid.

Jupyter is an especially popular software development tool among quants.

More information on Jupyter website.

See also

\n","name":"Jupyter notebook","slug":"jupyter-notebook","shortDescription":"Jupyter Noteook is a popular Python based data science tool"},"lending-pool":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, a lending pool is a pool of a single asset in a lending protocol.

Sometimes a lending pool is also called reserve (:term`Aave).

The assets are typically held in a pool and are lent out to borrowers, who can use them for a variety of purposes such as margin trading, liquidity provision, or to meet other financial obligations.

Lending pools typically offer a high yield investment opportunity for lenders, as they can earn interest on their cryptocurrency assets without having to sell them. Borrowers, on the other hand, can access the assets they need to meet their financial obligations, without having to sell their own assets or go through the traditional lending process.

Lending pools are typically run on decentralised finance (DeFi) platforms, which use blockchain technology to create a decentralised, trustless financial system. This means that the platform operates on open-source software and operates transparently and immutably, allowing for secure and transparent transactions.

See also

\n","name":"Lending pool","slug":"lending-pool","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, a lending pool is a pool of a single asset in a lending protocol"},"lending-protocol":{"html":"

A lending protocol is a decentralised finance service for lending and borrowing tokens.

Lending protocols are smart contract-based non-custodial protocols to\nlend and borrow your assets.

Lending protocols enable shorting of different lending pool tokens.

Popular lending protocols include Aave, Compound and Euler.

See also

\n","name":"Lending protocol","slug":"lending-protocol","shortDescription":"A lending protocol is a decentralised finance service for lending and borrowing tokens"},"leverage":{"html":"

Leverage in trading is the use of borrowed funds to increase one’s trading position beyond what would be available from their cash balance alone.

Leverage trading is also known as margin trading.

It enables traders to open a position worth much more than the money they deposit.

Leverage can be used in longing or shorting.

In a long, 2x leverage means that you can make 2x profit when the price moves up 1x
In a short, 1x leverage means that you can make 1x profit when the price moves up 1x
If the price moves too much your deposited money is liquidated
Shorting always involves borrowing
In leveraged markets often longs pay shorts, short pays longs as a zero-sum trading game

Leverage requires collateral. If the leveraged trade goes belly up, the account\ndoing the leveraged trade may be liquidated.

See also

\n","name":"Leverage","slug":"leverage","shortDescription":"Leverage in trading is the use of borrowed funds to increase one’s trading position beyond what would be available from their cash balance alone"},"liquidation":{"html":"

In trading, liquidation happens when a trader has insufficient funds to keep a leveraged trade open.

The exchange or term:lending protocol closes the position.

Any collateral that was used to open the position is sold (“liquidated”)
The proceedings of collateral liquidation is used to paid the trades who took the opposite\nside of the trade

In decentralised finance, liquidation also happens on lending protocols.

See also

\n","name":"Liquidation","slug":"liquidation","shortDescription":"In trading, liquidation happens when a trader has insufficient funds to keep a leveraged trade open"},"liquidity":{"html":"

Liquidity refers to the depth of the order books: how much volume a single trade can achieve without moving the price.

It can be expressed as slippage or absolute depth of the order book. The latter is very easy for AMM based exchanges where the liquidity is a continuous function.

Trading Strategy provides datasets for AMM liquidity.

See also

\n","name":"Liquidity","slug":"liquidity","shortDescription":"Liquidity refers to the depth of the order books: how much volume a single trade can achieve without moving the price"},"liquidity-mining":{"html":"

Liquidity mining is a process where AMM liquidity providers for a token are subsidised\nfrom a token treasury.

Effectively, you are paying people to create liquidity in an AMM trading pair or\nan order book.

This is to bootstrap the liquidity from zero to meaningful level, so that users and traders\ncan enter and exit positions without significant price impact. The liquidity mining\nprogram assumes that after a certain liquidity level is artificially bootstrapped,\nit can maintain itself better as it has attracted active traders with larger capital pools\nwho now have started to trade the token.

See also

\n","name":"Liquidity mining","slug":"liquidity-mining","shortDescription":"Liquidity mining is a process where AMM liquidity providers for a token are subsidised\nfrom a token treasury"},"liquidity-pool":{"html":"

Liquidity pool is the available trading liquidity of a single trading pair in AMM.

In a liquidity pool, liquidity providers pool together one of more tokens\nthat users can trade against. For providing liquidity, the providers are rewarded in swap fees.

Liquidity pools are often their own smart contracts that can be easily explored and tracked in a blockchain explorer.

See also

\n","name":"Liquidity pool","slug":"liquidity-pool","shortDescription":"Liquidity pool is the available trading liquidity of a single trading pair in AMM"},"liquidity-provider":{"html":"

Liquidity providers (LPs) are users that deposit their assets to the liquidity pools of an Automated Market Maker (AMM).

Liquidity providers are crowdsourced collections of crypto assets used by the AMM to trade with people buying or selling one of these assets.\nAMMs use pre-programmed mathematical equations to adjust prices based on supply in order to make sure the ratio of assets in any liquidity pool is maintained.

See also

\n","name":"Liquidity provider","slug":"liquidity-provider","shortDescription":"Liquidity providers (LPs) are users that deposit their assets to the liquidity pools of an Automated Market Maker (AMM)"},"longing":{"html":"

Longing means to make a trade where one assumes the price of an asset is going up.

To go long is the opposite of shorting.

Longs can be be spot market purchases (consider it as 1x leverage
Longs can be levered for higher profits on success

In decentralised finance, you can build a levered long trade using lending protocols.

See also

\n","name":"Longing","slug":"longing","shortDescription":"Longing means to make a trade where one assumes the price of an asset is going up"},"margin-trading":{"html":"

Leverage trading is also known as margin trading.

See leverage.

\n","name":"Margin trading","slug":"margin-trading","shortDescription":"Leverage trading is also known as margin trading"},"market-data-feed":{"html":"

A time-series data on which automated trade decisions are based on.\nOne of the most common data feeds is the price data as OHLCV candles.

\n","name":"Market data feed","slug":"market-data-feed","shortDescription":"A time-series data on which automated trade decisions are based on"},"market-neutral-strategy":{"html":"

Market neutral strategies are trading strategies that have little or no exposure to crypto asset volatility. They are often high-frequency trading strategies, like arbitrage. Good market neutral strategies can make 10% - 20% monthly yield in cryptocurrency markets.

\n","name":"Market neutral strategy","slug":"market-neutral-strategy","shortDescription":"Market neutral strategies are trading strategies that have little or no exposure to crypto asset volatility"},"market-order":{"html":"

A market order is a trade where a trader order is instantly fulfilled whatever is the availability liquidity and price\nat the markets.

Specifically

Market orders remove liquidity (also known as a market taker)
Market buys move price up, market sells move price ddown

The opposite of a market order is often a limit order. On AMMs the opposite is\nliquidity provider position.

On AMM decentralised exchanges every swap is a similar to a market order.

Market orders, as a market taker, typically have higher fees than market makers (provides liquidity),\nas liquidity is the key selling point for any exchange.

See also

\n","name":"Market order","slug":"market-order","shortDescription":"A market order is a trade where a trader order is instantly fulfilled whatever is the availability liquidity and price\nat the markets"},"market-trade":{"html":"

See market order

\n","name":"Market trade","slug":"market-trade","shortDescription":"See market order\n"},"maximum-drawdown":{"html":"

Maximum drawdown (MDD) is the largest peak-to-trough decline in the value of an investment over a specific period of time.

The maximum drawdown is how much your portfolio goes down in the examination period,\nor maximum amount of loss if you had entered and exited at the worst possible moment.

It is a measure of the risk of an investment, as it indicates the largest amount that an investment can decline from its highest point to its lowest point during a specific period of time. MDD is typically used to measure the risk of a portfolio or investment strategy, and is often expressed as a percentage of the investment’s peak value.

As a rule of thumb, the maximum drawdown should not be more than 1/3 of the strategy annual returns.

See also

\n","name":"Maximum drawdown","slug":"maximum-drawdown","shortDescription":"Maximum drawdown (MDD) is the largest peak-to-trough decline in the value of an investment over a specific period of time"},"mean-reversion":{"html":"

A mean reversion strategy is a type of trading strategy that assumes that prices of an asset will eventually return to their average or mean levels over time.

This strategy is based on the idea that prices tend to move in cycles and that extreme deviations from the average are temporary\nand eventually return to their historical average.\nIn a mean reversion strategy, a trader buys an asset when its price is lower than its average and sells when the price is higher than its average,\nwith the goal of profiting from the reversion to the mean. Mean reversion strategies can be applied to a variety of assets,\nsuch as stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies, and are commonly used in quantitative finance and algorithmic trading.

See also

\n","name":"Mean reversion","slug":"mean-reversion","shortDescription":"A mean reversion strategy is a type of trading strategy that assumes that prices of an asset will eventually return to their average or mean levels over time"},"mercenary-capital":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, mercenary capital is a term used to refer to cryptocurrency investment and trading funds\nwho chase liquidity mining and other token rewards without long term commitment\nto the token success.

Mercenary capital moves from a project to a project, chasing\nbest subsidised yield farming and liquidity mining opportunities,\nwithout actually contributing to the token success any way.

See also

\n","name":"Mercenary capital","slug":"mercenary-capital","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, mercenary capital is a term used to refer to cryptocurrency investment and trading funds\nwho chase liquidity mining and other token rewards without long term commitment\nto the token success"},"mev":{"html":"

Miner Extractable Value (MEV) is a measure of the profit a blockchain block producer can make through their ability to arbitrarily include, exclude, or re-order transactions during the block production process. It refers to the maximum amount of value that can be extracted from block production in excess of the standard block reward and gas fees.

Because of block producers’ ability to reorder trades in a single leader blockchain consensus\nmodel, MEV causes negative slippage and other issues for traders.

See also

High-frequency trading
Trading strategy

\n","name":"MEV","slug":"mev","shortDescription":"Miner Extractable Value (MEV) is a measure of the profit a blockchain block producer can make through their ability to arbitrarily include, exclude, or re-order transactions during the block production process"},"mid-price":{"html":"

The mid price, in the context of AMM, is the price that reflects the ratio of reserves in one or more pairs. There are three ways we can think about this price. Perhaps most simply, it defines the relative value of one token in terms of the other. It also represents the price at which you could theoretically trade an infinitesimal amount (ε) of one token for the other. Finally, it can be interpreted as the current market-clearing or fair value price of the assets.

The mid price, in the context of order book based exchange is \$(best bid + best ask) / 2\$,\ni.e. the price between the best sell offer and the best buy offer.

More information about the mid price on Uniswap documentation.

\n","name":"Mid Price","slug":"mid-price","shortDescription":"The mid price, in the context of AMM, is the price that reflects the ratio of reserves in one or more pairs"},"momentum":{"html":"

In trading strategy, momentum refers to the rate of change in the price of a financial asset over a given period of time.

The price change si often expressed as a change in the open-close data. E.g. the price of an asset\nat the opening of the week vs. closing price as the end of the week.

Momentum traders seek to profit from short-term price trends by buying assets that have been performing well and selling those that have been performing poorly.

Momentum traders typically use technical analysis to identify assets that are exhibiting strong positive or negative momentum. They may look at indicators such as moving averages, relative strength index (RSI), and MACD (moving average convergence divergence) to determine the current trend and potential entry and exit points.

One common strategy used by momentum traders is to buy assets that have recently experienced a significant price increase, on the assumption that the upward trend will continue. This is known as a “breakout” strategy. Conversely, they may sell assets that have experienced a significant price decrease, on the assumption that the downward trend will continue.

It is important to note that momentum trading can be risky, as price trends can quickly reverse direction, leading to significant losses if a trader’s positions are not properly managed. It is therefore important for traders to have a well-defined strategy, strict risk management rules, and the discipline to stick to their plan even in the face of short-term fluctuations.

See also

\n","name":"Momentum","slug":"momentum","shortDescription":"In trading strategy, momentum refers to the rate of change in the price of a financial asset over a given period of time"},"native-token":{"html":"

Also known as “gas token”. The native token is the cryptocurrency used to pay\ntransaction fees on EVM-compatible blockchain. For Ethereum it is ETH,\nfor Polygon it is MATIC and for Binance Smart Chain it is BNB.

See also

\n","name":"Native token","slug":"native-token","shortDescription":"Also known as “gas token”"},"nft":{"html":"

In web3, NFT stands for non-fungible tokens.

NFTs are tokens that unique and thus have value, like artistic value\nor in-game benefits. Usually NFTs represent digital content, but can also represent\nreal-world assets.

Like with all other decentralised finance protocols, NFTs are non-custodial\nand do not need an intermediates like banks to track and change their ownership.

See also

\n","name":"NFT","slug":"nft","shortDescription":"In web3, NFT stands for non-fungible tokens"},"non-custodial":{"html":"

Non-custodial means that a third party does not have ownership of your assets in a service.

A non-custodial model usually means s smart contract based service model where the owner of the assets never lose the control of the assets. This is opposite to most traditional finance services where you cannot see what happens to your money after the deposit or whether you are able to withdraw. The integrity of the service provider in the traditional finance thus needs to be guaranteed through regulation or government bailouts. The non-custodial model is specific to smart contracts and cannot be achieved without a blockchain. Read more.

Non-custodial protocol models have become popular in a blockchain, after FTX and Celsius blow-ups: not your keys, not your coins.

See also

\n","name":"Non-custodial","slug":"non-custodial","shortDescription":"Non-custodial means that a third party does not have ownership of your assets in a service"},"notebook":{"html":"

A notebook is a web-based interactive platform for writing and running code, as well as documenting and sharing work in a variety of formats, including text, code, and graphics. It is commonly used in the fields of data science, machine learning, and scientific computing for developing and testing algorithms, analysing data, and creating visualisations.

In a notebook, users can write code in a variety of programming languages, including Python, and run it directly within the platform. The output of the code, including any visualisations or results, is displayed within the notebook alongside the code itself. This allows users to iteratively develop and test their algorithms, as well as document their work in a readable and reproducible format.\nNotebooks also provide a convenient platform for collaboration and sharing, as they can be easily exported and shared as files, or hosted on platforms such as Jupyter or Google Colab. This makes them a popular choice for data scientists and researchers who need to share their work with others, as well as for organisations who need to collaborate on large data projects.

Overall, notebooks provide a powerful and flexible platform for data analysis, scientific computing, and code development, making them an essential tool for many researchers and data professionals.

The format was popularised by Jupyter notebook.

\n","name":"Notebook","slug":"notebook","shortDescription":"A notebook is a web-based interactive platform for writing and running code, as well as documenting and sharing work in a variety of formats, including text, code, and graphics"},"off-chain":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, off-chain refers to software and code that is run outside the blockchain nodes.

Off-chain activities are needed because some activities are not possible or too expensive (transaction cost wise)\nto handle in a blockchain core protocol or smart contracts:

Computation cost using smart contracts would be too high due to CPU, IO and memory requirements.
Information needs to be fetched for real-world assets or other items\nthat do not have native blockchain data, like centralised exchange cryptocurrency prices.\nBecause blockchains are new technology, most things in the world do not have good blockchain\ndata available yet and off-chain data fetch and validation is needed.

In the future, the amount of activities that need off-chain computation is going to decrease,\nas blockchains are getting more powerful.

Usual off-chain computation use cases include

Price oracles
Order books run on a centralised server like 0x protocol or DyDx

See also

\n","name":"Off-chain","slug":"off-chain","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, off-chain refers to software and code that is run outside the blockchain nodes"},"ohlcv":{"html":"

A typical candle contains open, high, low and close price and trade volume for a time bucket. Because on-chain exposes more data than centralised exchanges, Trading Strategy data also contains individual buys and sells, US dollar exchange rate and so forth.

See also

\n","name":"OHLCV","slug":"ohlcv","shortDescription":"A typical candle contains open, high, low and close price and trade volume for a time bucket"},"on-chain":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, on-chain refers to transactions or activities that are recorded and processed directly on a blockchain network. It is the opposite of off-chain.

In a blockchain, transactions are verified by nodes in the network and added to the chain of blocks that make up the blockchain. These transactions are permanent and unalterable, and the state of the blockchain can be seen by anyone on the network.

When an activity is referred to as “on-chain,” it means that it is recorded directly on the blockchain, as opposed to off-chain, which refers to transactions or activities that are not recorded on the blockchain but are still facilitated by the network.

On-chain transactions are typically considered to be more secure and transparent than off-chain transactions, as they are recorded in a public ledger that is immutable and auditable. Additionally, on-chain transactions are often processed more quickly and with lower fees than off-chain transactions, as they do not require intermediaries or intermediating networks.

Examples of on-chain activities include cryptocurrency transfers, smart contract execution, and decentralised applications (dApps). These activities are all processed directly on the blockchain network, providing a secure and transparent means of conducting transactions and executing code.

See also

\n","name":"On-chain","slug":"on-chain","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, on-chain refers to transactions or activities that are recorded and processed directly on a blockchain network"},"oracle":{"html":"

In decentralised finance,\noracle allows smart contracts to access external data.

An oracle in a blockchain is an entity that connects blockchains to external systems,\nallowing smart contracts to execute based upon inputs and outputs from the real world.

Oracles are third-party services that provide smart contracts with external information,\nwhile blockchain technology itself is defined as a ledger of decentralized data that is securely\nshared by select participants.

The most common use case for oracle is to tell the fair value of an asset.\nThis can be a token or a real-world asset.

Oracles are security critical system, as they often report prices and if the price is wrong\nthe underlying protocol may suffer what is called an oracle attack or a price manipulation attack.\nFor example, if in a lending protocol the collateral price is wrong,\nthe loands can be incorrectly liquidated.

Popular oracles protocols include

ChainLink (on EVM-Compatible blockchains)
Python (Solana)

See also

\n","name":"Oracle","slug":"oracle","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance,\noracle allows smart contracts to access external data"},"order-book":{"html":"

An order book is a type of market that operates based on an order book, a record of all buy and sell orders for a particular asset.

In an order book exchange, users can place limit orders, specifying the price and quantity they are willing to buy or sell an asset for. When a matching buy and sell order is found, a trade is executed, and the exchange takes a small fee for facilitating the transaction. Order book exchanges provide more precise price discovery and allow users to take advantage of market inefficiencies, but can suffer from liquidity issues and are more susceptible to front-running and other forms of market manipulation.

Overall, order book exchanges offer a more traditional trading experience compared to Automated Market Maker (AMM) exchanges, but with the added benefits of being decentralised and secure.

\n","name":"Order book","slug":"order-book","shortDescription":"An order book is a type of market that operates based on an order book, a record of all buy and sell orders for a particular asset"},"pandas":{"html":"

Pandas is a powerful and widely used open-source data analysis library in Python. It provides data structures and functions needed to work with structured data, such as tabular data in the form of tables or spreadsheets. With pandas, it’s easy to manipulate, clean, and analyse data, as well as perform complex operations such as grouping, merging, and aggregating data.

Pandas is designed to handle a variety of data types, including numerical, categorical, and time-series data. It also integrates well with other libraries, such as NumPy and Matplotlib, making it a popular choice for data analysis and visualisation in the scientific and research communities.

One of the key features of pandas is its DataFrame object, which is a two-dimensional labelled data structure with columns of different data types. With pandas, you can easily perform operations on the DataFrame such as filtering, sorting, and grouping data, as well as handling missing values and dealing with time-series data. More information.

See also

\n","name":"Pandas","slug":"pandas","shortDescription":"Pandas is a powerful and widely used open-source data analysis library in Python"},"parquet":{"html":"

Parquet is a columnar storage format for big data processing and analysis, commonly used in the Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark ecosystems. It is optimised for fast querying and efficient storage of large, complex data sets, and supports a wide range of data formats and compression options. By organising data into columns rather than rows, Parquet enables more efficient compression and encoding, as well as improved query performance, making it a popular choice for data warehousing and analytics applications. More information.

\n","name":"Parquet","slug":"parquet","shortDescription":"Parquet is a columnar storage format for big data processing and analysis, commonly used in the Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark ecosystems"},"passive-strategy":{"html":"

Passive investing is a long-term trading strategy for building wealth by buying securities that mirror stock market indexes and holding them long term.

A passive strategy involves minimal trading in the market, with investors buying and holding a diversified mix of assets to match, but not beat, the performance of an index.\nThe passive investing strategy is based on the premise that a low-cost, well-diversified portfolio will produce an average market return.

Often, in decentralised finance, passive strategies aims to beat risk-free rate without any additional exposure\nand drawdown.

See also

\n","name":"Passive strategy","slug":"passive-strategy","shortDescription":"Passive investing is a long-term trading strategy for building wealth by buying securities that mirror stock market indexes and holding them long term"},"pine-script":{"html":"

A proprietary trading strategy programming language for TradingView. Read more. Pine Script is a high-level scripting language that is specifically designed for use in creating custom trading indicators and strategies for financial markets. It is used by traders to create custom technical indicators, such as moving averages, Bollinger Bands, and Relative Strength Indicators, as well as more complex algorithms for automated trading.

\n","name":"Pine Script","slug":"pine-script","shortDescription":"A proprietary trading strategy programming language for TradingView"},"poetry":{"html":"

Poetry is a tool for dependency management and packaging in Python. It allows you to declare the libraries your project depends on and it will manage (install/update) them for you. Poetry offers a lockfile to ensure repeatable installs, and can build your project for distribution.

See also

Python
Jupyter notebook

\n","name":"Poetry","slug":"poetry","shortDescription":"Poetry is a tool for dependency management and packaging in Python"},"portfolio-construction":{"html":"

Portfolio construction a trading strategy method of selecting securities optimally to achieve maximum returns while taking minimum risk.

Portfolio constructions involves understanding how different asset classes, funds, and weightings impact each other and an investor’s objectives

Portfolio construction has several phases

Asset allocation models - to determine the optimal mix of asset classes (stocks, bonds, and commodities) in a portfolio, based on historical returns, volatility, and correlations.
Optimization techniques - to identify the best combination of individual securities within each asset class, based on factors such as expected return, risk, and liquidity.
Risk management tools - such as stop-loss orders, hedging strategies, and diversification techniques, to manage portfolio risk and reduce exposure to individual assets or market risks
Alpha generation strategies - such as factor investing, statistical arbitrage, and trend-following, to identify assets that are likely to outperform or underperform the broader market.

See also

\n","name":"Portfolio construction","slug":"portfolio-construction","shortDescription":"Portfolio construction a trading strategy method of selecting securities optimally to achieve maximum returns while taking minimum risk"},"position":{"html":"

In trading strategy, a position means a long or short position of a particular\nasset betting the price of an asset goes up or down.

In long positions,\nthe trader expects the asset price go up, or appreciate. In short positions,\nthe trade expects the asset price go down.

A position can be a spot market position or a levered position.

See also

\n","name":"Position","slug":"position","shortDescription":"In trading strategy, a position means a long or short position of a particular\nasset betting the price of an asset goes up or down"},"price-impact":{"html":"

Price impact is the difference between the current market price and the price you will actually pay when performing a swap on a decentralised exchange.

Price impact tells how much less your market taker order gets filled because there is not available liquidity.\nFor example, if you are trying to buy 5000 USD worth of BNB token, but there isn’t available liquidity\nyou end up with 4980 USD worth of token at the end of the trade when you pay 5000 USD.\nThe missing fill is the price impact.\nIt can be expressed as USD value or as percent of the trade amount.

Illiquid pairs have more price impact than liquid pairs.

Liquidity provider fees are included in the price impact in AMM models.

Another way to see this: AMMs usually have a trading fee, of 0.30%, for liquidity providers and sometimes for the protocol.\nThis translates to a spread of 0.6% between the best buy order and the best sell order.\nIn other words, even the most liquid AMM trade has an implicit 0.3% price impact. Note that due to competition, the LP fees\nare going down on newer AMMs.

Read a detailed analysis of how price impact is calculated on Uniswap v2 style AMMs.

See ParaSwap documentation on price impact.

See also

Swap fee
Decentralised exchange

\n","name":"Protocol fee","slug":"protocol-fee","shortDescription":"In AMM-based decentralised exchanges a protocol fee is the fee\ntaken from your trading costs that goes towards the protocol treasury"},"public-trading-strategy":{"html":"

A public trading strategy is an investment approach that is disclosed to and available for use by the general public. This type of strategy is often marketed and sold through books, courses, seminars, or other educational materials. Public trading strategies are designed to provide individuals with a set of guidelines and rules for making investment decisions in financial markets. They typically involve the use of technical analysis, fundamental analysis, or a combination of both to identify opportunities in various asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies.

Public trading strategies may also incorporate elements of quantitative analysis, using mathematical models and algorithms to analyse market data and make predictions about market movements. The goal of a public trading strategy is to provide individuals with a systematic approach to investing that can help them achieve their financial goals.

\n","name":"Public trading strategy","slug":"public-trading-strategy","shortDescription":"A public trading strategy is an investment approach that is disclosed to and available for use by the general public"},"pyarrow":{"html":"

Python API for Arrow library. More information. PyArrow is an open-source Python library that provides a fast, efficient way to process and analyse large datasets, especially those in Apache Arrow format. It is used for handling columnar and/or chunked data in memory, including reading and writing data from/to disk and interprocess communication. PyArrow also provides a rich set of data structures and algorithms for working with arrays, tables, and data frames, as well as support for various data formats such as Parquet, Avro, ORC, and others. The library is designed to be highly performant and can be used in a variety of applications, including data science, machine learning, and data engineering.

\n","name":"Pyarrow","slug":"pyarrow","shortDescription":"Python API for Arrow library"},"pycharm":{"html":"

PyCharm is an integrated development environment (IDE) used for programming in Python.\nIt provides code analysis, a graphical debugger, an integrated unit tester, integration with version control systems, and supports web development. PyCharm also has a free version specifically designed for education purposes. PyCharm supports Jupyter Notebooks well.

See also

Python
Jupyter notebook

\n","name":"PyCharm","slug":"pycharm","shortDescription":"PyCharm is an integrated development environment (IDE) used for programming in Python"},"python":{"html":"

One of the most popular and loved programming languages.\nPython is the number one programming language in quantitative finance.

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability, simplicity, and versatility. It was first released in 1991 and has since become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Python is used for a variety of applications, including web development, scientific computing, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and more. It has a large standard library and a supportive community, making it easy to learn and use. Python is also highly extensible, allowing developers to add functionality through libraries and modules. With its clean syntax, readable code, and ease of use, Python is a popular choice for both beginner and experienced programmers.

\n","name":"Python","slug":"python","shortDescription":"One of the most popular and loved programming languages"},"qstrader":{"html":"

QSTrader is an old Python based algorithmic trading framework.

QSTrader offers strategy backtesting and live execution using portfolio construction theory.

QSTrader is jo longer maintained.

\n","name":"QSTrader","slug":"qstrader","shortDescription":"QSTrader is an old Python based algorithmic trading framework"},"quant":{"html":"

Quants are financial professionals who specialise in the use of quantitative methods to analyse financial data and make investment decisions. They are experts in mathematics, statistics, and computer science and use complex models and algorithms to analyse financial data and make predictions about market movements

Quants work in a variety of settings, including hedge funds, investment banks, and asset management firms, and play a significant role in the field of finance. They use their expertise in data analysis and modelling to develop trading strategies and make investment decisions, often using high-frequency trading technology to execute their trades.

Quants are known for their ability to analyse large amounts of financial data and make decisions quickly, using a data-driven approach to investment.

See also

\n","name":"Quant","slug":"quant","shortDescription":"Quants are financial professionals who specialise in the use of quantitative methods to analyse financial data and make investment decisions"},"quantitative-analysis":{"html":"

Quantitative analysis is a method of evaluating securities by using mathematical and statistical models. It is a data-driven approach to investment that involves the use of numerical and computational techniques to analyse financial data and make investment decisions.

Quant traders, use tools such as statistical models, algorithms, and high-frequency trading technology to analyse market data, identify trends, and make predictions about future market movements. They rely on historical data, such as stock prices, interest rates, and economic indicators, to develop their models and test their predictions.

Quantitative analysis is commonly used in the field of finance, particularly in hedge funds and institutional trading desks, and can be applied to a variety of asset classes, including stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies.

\n","name":"Quantitative analysis","slug":"quantitative-analysis","shortDescription":"Quantitative analysis is a method of evaluating securities by using mathematical and statistical models"},"quantitative-finance":{"html":"

Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management. Those working in the field are quantitative analysts (quants). Quants tend to specialise in specific areas which may include derivative structuring or pricing, risk management, algorithmic trading and investment management.

\n","name":"Quantitative finance","slug":"quantitative-finance","shortDescription":"Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management"},"quote-token":{"html":"

The token that acts as a nominator for the price when you are buying or selling. Usually this is more well-known token of the pair: ETH, BTC or any of various USD stablecoins. See also base token.

See also

\n","name":"Quote token","slug":"quote-token","shortDescription":"The token that acts as a nominator for the price when you are buying or selling"},"rebalance":{"html":"

In a trading strategy, rebalance refers to the process of re-weighting the portfolio\nby selling some assets and buying new ones.

Rebalances are needed in order for the strategy to follow its alpha model.

Rebalances can be done at fixed intervals, usually hourly, daily or weekly.

In the process, the strategy opens new and closes existing positions.

See also

\n","name":"Rebalance","slug":"rebalance","shortDescription":"In a trading strategy, rebalance refers to the process of re-weighting the portfolio\nby selling some assets and buying new ones"},"rebase-token":{"html":"

Rebase tokens, also known as elastic tokens, are cryptocurrencies whose supply is algorithmically adjusted in order to control its price. They adjust their circulating supply in response to price fluctuation and are designed in a way that the circulating token supply adjusts (increases or decreases) automatically according to a predetermined formula.

An example of a rebase token is Klima.

See also

Token

\n","name":"Rebase token","slug":"rebase-token","shortDescription":"Rebase tokens, also known as elastic tokens, are cryptocurrencies whose supply is algorithmically adjusted in order to control its price"},"relative-strength-index-(rsi)":{"html":"

The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a popular momentum indicator used in technical analysis to measure the strength of a security’s price action. It compares the magnitude of recent gains to recent losses, in order to determine overbought or oversold conditions, and potential buying or selling opportunities.

The RSI is calculated as a ratio of average gains to average losses, and is represented as a value between 0 and 100. Values above 70 are considered overbought and may indicate a potential sell opportunity, while values below 30 are considered oversold and may indicate a potential buy opportunity. The RSI can be used for various time frames and for multiple securities, including individual stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies.

\n","name":"Relative strength index (RSI)","slug":"relative-strength-index-(rsi)","shortDescription":"The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a popular momentum indicator used in technical analysis to measure the strength of a security’s price action"},"reserve-currency":{"html":"

In the trading strategy terminology, a reserve currency\nrefers to the base currency of the strategy to which profits\nare withdrawn.

A common reserve currency for decentralised finance strategies\nis USDC stablecoin.

\n","name":"Reserve currency","slug":"reserve-currency","shortDescription":"In the trading strategy terminology, a reserve currency\nrefers to the base currency of the strategy to which profits\nare withdrawn"},"risk-adjusted-return":{"html":"

Risk-adjusted return is a calculation of the return (or potential return) on an investment such as a stock or corporate bond when compared to the amount of risk the investment has represented throughout a given period of time.

It is measured by taking into account the risk associated with an investment and comparing it to its return.\nThe risk can be measured e.g. as a maximum drawdown.

See also

\n","name":"Risk-adjusted return","slug":"risk-adjusted-return","shortDescription":"Risk-adjusted return is a calculation of the return (or potential return) on an investment such as a stock or corporate bond when compared to the amount of risk the investment has represented throughout a given period of time"},"risk-free-rate":{"html":"

The expected return for the money that is considered (almost) risk-free.

In traditional finance, the risk-free rate is considered to be treasury note or government bond yield, although you still have some risks like the sovereignty risk.

In decentralised finance, a risk-free rate is considered to be an US dollar lending pool rate, like one you would get from Aave USDC pool.

See also

\n","name":"Risk-free rate","slug":"risk-free-rate","shortDescription":"The expected return for the money that is considered (almost) risk-free"},"rug-pull":{"html":"

A project where the development team or founders decide to maliciously cash out early, not\nfulfilling their promises and disappear with the investor money.

A rug pull is a type of crypto scam in which fraudsters lie to the public to attract funding and quickly run off with investors’ digital tokens. Developers behind rug pulls often promote their tokens on social media platforms to attract as many retail investors as possible. The name comes from the phrase “pulling the rug out” and involves a developer attracting investors to a new crypto project, then pulling away all liquidity.

One of the most famous rug pulls is Anubis ($60M taken).

\n","name":"Rug pull","slug":"rug-pull","shortDescription":"A project where the development team or founders decide to maliciously cash out early, not\nfulfilling their promises and disappear with the investor money"},"rwa":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, RWA stands for Real World Asset.

Unlike cryptocurrencies and pure digital assets, like art NFTs,\nreal-world assets have a real-world ownership representation.

RWAs can be

Stablecoins
Real-estate
Bonds
Stock
Land
Forest
Energy
Carbon certificates

RWAs can trade on lending protocols and decentralised exchanges.\nRWAs need special oracles to bring information about the real-world asset data to on-chain.

As the writing of this, most popular RWA classes are stablecoins and bonds.

For RWA case studies, see

See also

\n","name":"RWA","slug":"rwa","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, RWA stands for Real World Asset"},"shorting":{"html":"

Short selling, also known as shorting or going short, is a trading strategy in which an investor borrows as aasset, sells the borrowed asset, and then aims to buy the asset back at a lower price to make a profit.

The goal of short selling is to profit from a decline in the price of the security being shorted. In a short sale, the investor borrows shares from another investor, typically through a brokerage, and sells the borrowed shares on the open market. If the price of the security drops, the investor can buy the shares back at a lower price and return the borrowed shares to the lender, pocketing the difference as profit. However, if the price of the security increases, the short seller incurs a loss, which can be unlimited.

Short selling is a high-risk strategy that requires a solid understanding of market dynamics and a careful risk management plan.

In decentralised finance, you can build a short trade using lending protocols.

See also

\n","name":"Shorting","slug":"shorting","shortDescription":"Short selling, also known as shorting or going short, is a trading strategy in which an investor borrows as aasset, sells the borrowed asset, and then aims to buy the asset back at a lower price to make a profit"},"slippage":{"html":"

Slippage is the loss because markets changed after the trade was initiated but before it was executed.

Slippage occurs because of changing market conditions between the moment the transaction is submitted and its verification.\nSlippage cannot be backtested easily, because it is based on the trade execution delays and those cannot be usually simulated\n(but can be measured).

DEX swap orders have a slippage parameter with them. You set it when the order is created.\nIf the price changes more then the slippage between the creation of the order and the execution of the order,\nthe DEX will cancel the order (revert).

Setting a low slippage value prevents frontrunning your trades, because frontrunners cannot\nextract more value than what your slippage tolerance is.

See ParaSwap’s excellent documentation on slippage.

See also

\n","name":"Smart contract","slug":"smart-contract","shortDescription":"Smart contract is automated transactional service running on any of the blockchains"},"spot-market":{"html":"

A spot market is a market where actual assets are traded as the opposite of interest to the assets.

In cryptocurrency markets, spot market is where you receive actual tokens for your purchases.
In stock markets, you will receive stock certificate
In commodities markets (oil, wheat, etc.), you will receive a physically delivered item

Spot market itself does not have shorting, or leverage.

See also

\n","name":"Spot market","slug":"spot-market","shortDescription":"A spot market is a market where actual assets are traded as the opposite of interest to the assets"},"stablecoin":{"html":"

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency whose value is tied to an asset such as the U.S. dollar or gold to maintain a stable price.\nStablecoins aim to provide price stability and reduce volatility compared to other cryptocurrencies.

Example stablecoins include

Circle USD - USDC.
Binance dollar - BUSD
Tether dollar - USDT

See also

ERC-20
Wallet

\n","name":"Stablecoin","slug":"stablecoin","shortDescription":"A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency whose value is tied to an asset such as the U"},"statistical-arbitrage":{"html":"

Statistical arbitrage is a high-frequency trading trading strategy that uses statistical and quantitative techniques to identify and exploit pricing inefficiencies in financial markets.

The strategy involves taking long and short positions in pairs of securities that are believed to be mispriced relative to each other.

The basic idea behind statistical arbitrage is to identify pairs of securities that are highly correlated in terms of their price movements. If the prices of these securities diverge from their historical correlation, a statistical arbitrageur will take a long position in the underpriced security and a short position in the overpriced security, in the hope of profiting from the convergence of prices.

Statistical arbitrage strategies typically involve a high level of automation, using computer algorithms and mathematical models to analyze large amounts of data and make trades in real time. These algorithms may use a variety of statistical and mathematical techniques, such as regression analysis, machine learning, and time series analysis, to identify and exploit pricing inefficiencies.

One advantage of statistical arbitrage is that it can be used in a variety of market conditions, including both up and down markets. However, the strategy can be complex and may require significant computational resources and expertise to implement effectively. In addition, as with any investment strategy, there is always the risk of losses due to unforeseen market events or unexpected changes in correlations between securities.

See also

\n","name":"Statistical arbitrage","slug":"statistical-arbitrage","shortDescription":"Statistical arbitrage is a high-frequency trading trading strategy that uses statistical and quantitative techniques to identify and exploit pricing inefficiencies in financial markets"},"stop-loss":{"html":"

Stop loss is a risk management tool used by investors and traders to limit their potential losses on a trade.

Stop loss can be implemented by

Having a special order type on order book
Manually, by using market orders

A stop loss order is an instruction to automatically sell a security or other asset when its price falls to a certain level, known as the stop price.

For example, if an investor buys a stock at $50 per share and sets a stop loss order at $45 per share, the stop loss order will be triggered if the stock falls to $45 or below. At that point, the stop loss order will automatically sell the stock, limiting the investor’s potential loss to $5 per share.

Stop loss triggers can be particularly useful in volatile markets or when trading more speculative assets with higher levels of risk. By setting a stop loss order, traders can limit their exposure and losses in the event that the market moves against them, while still allowing for potential gains if the trade is successful.

It’s important to note that stop loss orders are not foolproof and can be subject to market fluctuations and gaps in trading. In addition, stop loss orders can be triggered during periods of high volatility or sharp price movements, resulting in a sale at a price below the stop price. As with any investment strategy, it’s important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of using stop loss orders and to use them in combination with other risk management tools and techniques.

See also

\n","name":"Stop loss","slug":"stop-loss","shortDescription":"Stop loss is a risk management tool used by investors and traders to limit their potential losses on a trade"},"storj":{"html":"

The Storj protocol is a decentralized cloud storage platform that allows users to rent out unused hard drive space for digital file storage.\nIt offers zero-trust security and can be used for large file storage, streaming and backups.\nStorj runs on its own blockchain model, but for the interaction the user does not need to know about\nthe blockchain at all.

Due to its decentralised mode, Storj storage and egress costs are very competitive compared\nto centralised cloud offerings such as from Amazon, Microsoft or Google.

Storj has an ERC-20 token called STORJ.

See also

Decentralised finance
Token

\n","name":"Storj","slug":"storj","shortDescription":"The Storj protocol is a decentralized cloud storage platform that allows users to rent out unused hard drive space for digital file storage"},"strategy":{"html":"

In a decentralised finance, strategy refers to :trading strategy.

See trading strategy.

\n","name":"Strategy","slug":"strategy","shortDescription":"In a decentralised finance, strategy refers to :trading strategy"},"strategy-cycle":{"html":"

In Trading Strategy Framework, the strategy cycle refers to the timestamped process of developing, testing, and implementing a trading strategy.

This process typically involves several steps, including research and analysis, design, optimization, backtesting, and live trading. The strategy cycle is an iterative process, and the results of each step can influence the next. The goal of the strategy cycle is to identify and develop a profitable and reliable trading strategy that can be consistently executed. The end result of the strategy cycle is a well-designed, thoroughly tested, and successfully deployed trading strategy that can help achieve investment goals.

See cycle duration.

\n","name":"Strategy cycle","slug":"strategy-cycle","shortDescription":"In Trading Strategy Framework, the strategy cycle refers to the timestamped process of developing, testing, and implementing a trading strategy"},"strategy-developer":{"html":"

A strategy developer is a financial professional who designs and implements investment strategies. They are responsible for analysing market data, identifying trends and opportunities, and creating investment plans that aim to achieve specific financial goals.

Strategy developers use a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis to make investment decisions, drawing on their expertise in economics, finance, mathematics, and computer science. They also use a variety of tools and technologies, including statistical models, algorithms, and high-frequency trading systems, to support their work.

Strategy developers work in a variety of settings, including hedge funds, asset management firms, and investment banks, and may specialise in a specific asset class, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies. They are typically highly skilled and experienced professionals who have a deep understanding of financial markets and investment strategies. Effective strategy development requires a combination of technical expertise, market knowledge, and creativity, as well as a sound risk management plan to ensure that investment decisions align with the goals and risk tolerance of the investor.

See also

\n","name":"Strategy developer","slug":"strategy-developer","shortDescription":"A strategy developer is a financial professional who designs and implements investment strategies"},"sushi":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, Sushi, also\nknown as SushiSwap, is one of the largest AMM decentralised exchanges.

Sushi started as a fork of Uniswap. The later Sushi versions added support for\nCLMM liquidity models and many other trading features.

Sushi is launched on many blockchains, including Ethereum mainnet, Polygon, Avalanche and\nBNB Chain. View Sushi on Ethereum mainnet.

See also

\n","name":"Sushi","slug":"sushi","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, Sushi, also\nknown as SushiSwap, is one of the largest AMM decentralised exchanges"},"swap":{"html":"

In AMM-based decentralised exchanges trades called called swaps.

In a swap you you trade against liquidity providers\nwith market order like trades.

The user interacts with a liquidity pool using :their term:non-custodial wallet\nto perform a swap.

Some example swaps:

In a buy swap, you bought cryptocurrency token with a stable coin,\ne.g. you buy AVAX with USDC stablecoin
In a buy sell, you bought cryptocurrency token with a stable coin,\ne.g. you sell AVAXs to gain USDC in your wallet

Swaps are used on AMMs <AMM>.

See also

\n","name":"Swap","slug":"swap","shortDescription":"In AMM-based decentralised exchanges trades called called swaps"},"swap-fee":{"html":"

Swap fee is the part cost of a trade on AMM markets.

In AMM-based decentralised exchanges trades called called swaps.

Swap fee includes

liquidity provider reward, usually 0.05% - 0.30%
protocol fee, usually 0.00% - 0.05%

Swap fees usually exclude

price impact
slippage

See also

\n","name":"Swap fee","slug":"swap-fee","shortDescription":"Swap fee is the part cost of a trade on AMM markets"},"swing-trading":{"html":"

Swing trading is a type of short-term trading strategy that aims to take advantage of intermediate-term price movements, typically holding positions for several days to a few weeks. The goal of swing trading is to identify trends and ride them for a profit, rather than trying to predict the market’s direction in the long-term. Swing traders use technical analysis to identify potential trades, focusing on price patterns, support and resistance levels, and momentum indicators. They typically trade more frequently than long-term investors and hold positions for a shorter period, but with the potential for larger profits or losses. Swing trading can be used in a variety of markets, including stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies.

\n","name":"Swing trading","slug":"swing-trading","shortDescription":"Swing trading is a type of short-term trading strategy that aims to take advantage of intermediate-term price movements, typically holding positions for several days to a few weeks"},"systematic-trading":{"html":"

Systematic trading is a method of trading financial markets that utilises mathematical models and algorithms to execute trades based on predefined rules and conditions. It aims to remove emotion and subjectivity from the investment process by relying on data-driven decision making.

In systematic trading, trades are executed automatically based on the rules established in the trading system. These rules can be based on technical indicators, market data, or other signals, and are designed to identify and take advantage of market inefficiencies and price discrepancies. The models used in systematic trading are typically back-tested using historical market data to assess their viability and refine their parameters.

Systematic trading is often used in quantitative finance and high-frequency trading, where trades are executed at a high rate and on a large scale. It can be applied to a wide range of financial instruments, including stocks, bonds, futures, options, and currencies.

\n","name":"Systematic trading","slug":"systematic-trading","shortDescription":"Systematic trading is a method of trading financial markets that utilises mathematical models and algorithms to execute trades based on predefined rules and conditions"},"technical-analysis":{"html":"

Technical analysis is a trading discipline employed to evaluate investments and identify trading opportunities by analysing statistical trends gathered from trading activity, such as price movement and volume.

More information.

See also

\n","name":"Technical analysis","slug":"technical-analysis","shortDescription":"Technical analysis is a trading discipline employed to evaluate investments and identify trading opportunities by analysing statistical trends gathered from trading activity, such as price movement and volume"},"technical-indicator":{"html":"

A technical indicator, or just an indicator, is a calculated value\nindicating something about the state of the market.\nIndicators are usually based on OHLCV data.\nBy combining several indicators through technical analysis,\none can create automated trading strategies.\nAn example technical indicator is EMA (exponential moving average).

See Technical analysis documentation for Trading Strategy indicator list.

See also

Trading strategy
EMA

\n","name":"Technical indicator","slug":"technical-indicator","shortDescription":"A technical indicator, or just an indicator, is a calculated value\nindicating something about the state of the market"},"token":{"html":"

A token in blockchains and decentralised finance represents an on-chain asset.

Tokens can be

Fungible tokens: assets like crytocurrencies, stablecoins
Non-fungible tokens (NFTS), like tokenised pictures and video game items

ERC-20 is the most popular technical token standard.

See also

\n","name":"Token","slug":"token","shortDescription":"A token in blockchains and decentralised finance represents an on-chain asset"},"token-distribution":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, a token distribution refers to how the project tokens\nhave been divided between different stakeholders.

More decentralised token distribution is usually good for price action and robustness of the project;\nthere are less large entities that can dominate the DAO governance discussion or be a single point of a failure.\nDecentralisation and better token distribution lessen the likelihood of severe price impact events.

Token distribution methods include

Initial coin offering (ICO)
Initial DEX offering (IDO)
Initial token offering (ITO)
Direct market listing
Public sale
Private sale
Simple Agreement for Future Tokens (SAFT)
Airdrop
Liquidity mining
Yield farming
Proof-of-work (Bitcoin, Chia, others)

See also

\n","name":"Token distribution","slug":"token-distribution","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, a token distribution refers to how the project tokens\nhave been divided between different stakeholders"},"token-tax":{"html":"

A “token” tax is a term often used to describe tokens with transfer fees that cause deflation or redistribute trade profits to the protocol development:

Each time a token is transferred, some transferred amount is burned, redirected to a development fund or otherwise “taxed”.
Token tax is usually paid by the originator wallet that initiates the transfer. The tax is taken from the sent amount during the transfer: initiated transfer amount > received transfer amount.
Token tax may also reduce the token supply, thus creating deflationary tokens. The deflationary assumption comes from the economic theory that by reducing the supply, the value of the goods should go up. The most famous cryptocurrency having such deflationary mechanics is Ethereum and its EIP-1559 burning mechanism.
Token tax can redirect some of the transfer and trading fees to the protocol development fund. This can guarantee sustainable protocol development outside any initial fundraising.

Usually, the token tax term is not used for the native gas token on a blockchain, like Ether (ETH) on Ethereum, where any transfer fee is considered to be a natural part of the core protocol. The token tax term applies to ERC-20-like tokens that historically have lacked transfer fee features. There is no terminology standard, so different terms are applied in different contexts.

Different % amounts of “taxes” may apply to different types of transactions like buy, sell, and treasury management.

See also

swap fee
honey pot

Read more about token tax in our introduction blog post.

\n","name":"Token tax","slug":"token-tax","shortDescription":"A “token” tax is a term often used to describe tokens with transfer fees that cause deflation or redistribute trade profits to the protocol development:\n\nEach time a token is transferred, some transferred amount is burned, redirected to a development fund or otherwise “taxed”"},"trading-algorithm":{"html":"

Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume. Trading algorithms can be fundamentally driven or based on quantitative signals, and can be created using Python with tools such as Trading Strategy.

\n","name":"Trading algorithm","slug":"trading-algorithm","shortDescription":"Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume"},"trading-pair":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, trading pair represents a market for a two or more tokens.

An example trading pair can be BNB/BUSD trading pair on PancakeSwap <https://tradingstrategy.ai/trading-view/binance/pancakeswap-v2/bnb-busd>__.

Trading pairs are named as a “ticker” based on their base token and quote token symbols.

Sometimes trading pairs are also called pools, because they are liquidity pool mechanism\nbased.

Unlike in traditional finance, in decentralised finance a trading pair can also consists\nof three or more assets. This is especially popular in stablecoin markets.

Trading pairs can be

Order book based
Liquidity pool based

See also

\n","name":"Trading pair","slug":"trading-pair","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, trading pair represents a market for a two or more tokens"},"trading-signal":{"html":"

A signal that predicts the future price movement.

For the full description, see alpha signal.

\n","name":"Trading signal","slug":"trading-signal","shortDescription":"A signal that predicts the future price movement"},"trading-strategy":{"html":"

A trading strategy is a fixed plan that is designed to achieve a profitable return by going long or short in markets.

It involves analysis to identify specific market conditions and price levels.\nThere are many different types of trading strategies, such as

Moving-average cross strategies like EMA
Trend-following
Market-making (see AMM for decentralised finance)
Arbitrage
Scalping
Portfolio construction model
Market neutral
Yield farming

Further strategies can be classified by their activity and risk profile as

The trading strategy can be automated as algorithmic trading and thus\nbecome automated trading strategy.

Trading Strategy can also refer to Trading Strategy protocol\nthat offers non-custodial algorithmic trading to its users.

See also

\n","name":"Trading strategy","slug":"trading-strategy","shortDescription":"A trading strategy is a fixed plan that is designed to achieve a profitable return by going long or short in markets"},"trading-strategy-client":{"html":"

Trading Strategy client is a Python library to access the historical market data\non Trading Strategy protocol oracles.

The data includes

Decentralised exchanges market data in candle and\nOHLCV format
Lending protocols

You can then examine the data in Jupyter notebook.

Read the API documentation for tradingstrategy.client.Client
See the project Github README

See also

\n","name":"Trading Strategy client","slug":"trading-strategy-client","shortDescription":"Trading Strategy client is a Python library to access the historical market data\non Trading Strategy protocol oracles"},"trading-strategy-framework":{"html":"

The Trading Strategy Framework is a Python based software development library\nto develop automated trading strategies for decentralised finance\nmarkets.

The framework consists of

Market data feed reader in the form of Trading Strategy Client
Backtesting framework
Live trading execution environment

The core audience of the library is quants.

See also

\n","name":"Trading Strategy Framework","slug":"trading-strategy-framework","shortDescription":"The Trading Strategy Framework is a Python based software development library\nto develop automated trading strategies for decentralised finance\nmarkets"},"trading-strategy-protocol":{"html":"

The Trading Strategy Protocol is a decentralised finance protocol build using oracles\nand Trading Strategy Framework.

It allows quant developers to deploy automated trading strategies\nthat trade on decentralised exchange and lending protocols.

See also

\n","name":"Trading Strategy Protocol","slug":"trading-strategy-protocol","shortDescription":"The Trading Strategy Protocol is a decentralised finance protocol build using oracles\nand Trading Strategy Framework"},"trading-universe":{"html":"

A trading universe describes all possible assets available for a strategy\nfor its to take different trading positions. The simple\ntrading strategies trade only a single trading pair like ETH/USD. More complex\nstrategies can have trading universe consisting of thousands of trading pairs\nand assets.

\n","name":"Trading universe","slug":"trading-universe","shortDescription":"A trading universe describes all possible assets available for a strategy\nfor its to take different trading positions"},"tradingview":{"html":"

Trading view is the world most popular trading strategy platform. It lets you discover investment ideas and showcase your talents to a large and active community of traders. Easy and intuitive for beginners, and powerful enough for advanced chartists. Trading View has all the charting tools you need to share and view trading ideas. Real-time data and browser-based charts let you do your research from anywhere, since there are no installations or complex setups. Read more.

\n","name":"TradingView","slug":"tradingview","shortDescription":"Trading view is the world most popular trading strategy platform"},"traditional-finance":{"html":"

In decentralised finance, traditional finance or TradFi, refers to the old financial system.

TradFi consists of regulated securities markets, banks, commodities and FX markets.\nTradFi markets are considered to be inefficient compared to decentralised finance,\ndue to excessive amount of middlemen, custodials and lack of automation.

See also

\n","name":"Traditional finance","slug":"traditional-finance","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, traditional finance or TradFi, refers to the old financial system"},"trend":{"html":"

A trend is a general direction of change in a set of data or a market over time. In the financial markets, trends refer to the general direction of prices for a specific security, asset class, or market index. Trends can be either up, down, or sideways, and they can occur over various time frames, including short-term (such as minutes or hours), intermediate-term (such as days or weeks), or long-term (such as months or years).

Trends are important in investment decision-making as they provide insights into market behavior and can indicate potential opportunities for buying or selling securities. Traders and investors often use technical analysis to identify and track trends, using tools such as trendlines, moving averages, and momentum indicators.

See also

\n","name":"Trend","slug":"trend","shortDescription":"A trend is a general direction of change in a set of data or a market over time"},"trend-following":{"html":"

Trend-following is a trading strategy that follows a trend.

Trend-following is a trading strategy that seeks to profit from the directional movement of prices in financial markets. The strategy involves analyzing the historical price data of an asset to identify trends and then making trades in the direction of the trend.

Trend-following traders typically use technical analysis tools and technical indicators, such as moving averages, trend lines, and momentum indicators, to identify trends and determine when to enter or exit trades. The goal is to buy an asset when the trend is bullish (i.e., prices are rising) and sell it when the trend is bearish (i.e., prices are falling).

The key principle of trend-following is to let profits run and cut losses quickly. This means that trend-following traders will typically use stop loss orders or other risk management techniques to limit their potential losses if the trend reverses.

Trend-following strategies can be applied to a wide range of financial instruments, including stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities. The strategy is popular among both individual and institutional traders and has been used successfully by many well-known traders and hedge funds.

One potential disadvantage of trend-following is that it can be subject to false signals and whipsaws, particularly in volatile or choppy markets. In addition, trend-following can be slow to react to sudden market shifts or changes in investor sentiment, which can result in missed opportunities or losses. As with any trading strategy, it’s important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of trend-following and to use it in combination with other tools and techniques to manage risk and optimize performance.

See also

\n","name":"Trend-following","slug":"trend-following","shortDescription":"Trend-following is a trading strategy that follows a trend"},"twap":{"html":"

TWAP or Time-weighted Average Price is a calculation that defines the weighted average price over a specified period.

The real-time price of decentralised exchanges is subject to quite easy manipulation, especially within the\nrange of one block. A manipulator can use flash loans to access large amount of capital and make trades\nthat a normal trader would not do.

These kind of attacks may cause very high/low price candles. Using the TWAP price mitigates\nthe risk of performing e.g. an unnecessary stop loss trigger on a manipulated price.

On the security and compromises of price oracles.

Read Uniswap v3 TWAP oracle manipulation cost.

See also

Trading strategy

\n","name":"TWAP","slug":"twap","shortDescription":"TWAP or Time-weighted Average Price is a calculation that defines the weighted average price over a specified period"},"uniswap":{"html":"

The most popular AMM based decentralised exchange. Uniswap has two major versions.\nIn version 2 (v2) the liquidity is evenly distributed across the bonding curve. In version 3, the\nliquidity providers can have liquidity on a partial curve, simulate order book and have better\ncapital efficiency. Most decentralised exchanges are Uniswap v2 clones.

See also

\n","name":"Uniswap","slug":"uniswap","shortDescription":"The most popular AMM based decentralised exchange"},"usdc":{"html":"

USDC (USD Coin) is a stablecoin, meaning it is a cryptocurrency that is pegged to the value of the US Dollar. It is designed to maintain a value of 1 USDC = 1 USD, and its value is backed by US dollars held in reserve. USDC is used for a variety of purposes in the cryptocurrency space, including as a unit of account for trading, for remittances and as a medium of exchange. It operates on the Ethereum blockchain and is a popular choice for traders looking for a stable store of value in the cryptocurrency markets.

See also

\n","name":"Vault","slug":"vault","shortDescription":"In decentralised finance, a vault refers to a smart contract\nthat manages assets, in non-custodial manner, for several stakeholders"},"visual-studio-code":{"html":"

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a source-code editor made by Microsoft for Windows, Linux and macOS. . VS Code is free and optimised for building and debugging modern web and cloud applications. It comes with features such as code editing, debugging, integrated Git control, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, and more. Visual Studio Code\nis excellent for editing Jupyter notebooks.

See also

Python
Jupyter notebook

\n","name":"Visual Studio Code","slug":"visual-studio-code","shortDescription":"Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a source-code editor made by Microsoft for Windows, Linux and macOS"},"wallet":{"html":"

In a blockchain, a wallet refers to an application that offers interaction\nto your non-custodial blockchain account.

Users interact with different web3 and decentralised finance protocols\nusing their wallets.

Popular wallets include

MetaMask (a web browser extension)
Avalanche Core (a web browser extension)
TrustWallet (a mobile application)
Ledger (a hardware wallet)

Different services and wallets may interoperate using WalletConnect protocol.

See also

\n","name":"Wallet","slug":"wallet","shortDescription":"In a blockchain, a wallet refers to an application that offers interaction\nto your non-custodial blockchain account"},"walletconnect":{"html":"

In Web3, WalletConnect is a protocol to allow users to use various kind of wallets with different services.

WalletConnect is an abstraction layer that supports connecting different wallet to\na web3 and decentralised finance protocols. It supports both non-custodial\nand custodial wallets.

Wallet types may include

Mobile app based wallets
Desktop app based wallets
Website based wallets
Hardware wallets
Multisignature wallets
Professional custodial wallets like MetaMask Institutional, Fireblock, Q-redo

WalletConnect is supported across multiple blockchains, including e.g. EVM-Compatible ones,\nNEAR, Chia and Solana.

See also

\n","name":"WalletConnect","slug":"walletconnect","shortDescription":"In Web3, WalletConnect is a protocol to allow users to use various kind of wallets with different services"},"web3":{"html":"

Web3 is a social and technical movement to decentralised social media and online communities.

Web 2.0 led to the concentration of power to few Silicon Valley based social media conglomerates,\nlike Facebook and Twitter. Many creators, users and governments are dissatisfied these companies,\nas they see them executing profit sharing and censorship powers unfairly.

Web3 movement aims to address this issue with user owned content.\nThe content is usually digital content and can be pictures, posts, social media profiles or video game assets.

The content is not siloed,\ntruly owned by the user, and can be transferred across different services and protocols.\nThe profit share is made more fair the users, not the corporation owners, have more negotiation power.\nThis is achieved using open source, blockchains,\nopen protocols, public key cryptography and token based governance.

Web3 protocols are funded using decentralised finance instead of private venture capital.\nWeb3 protocols aim to fair token distribution so that users would own the largest\nshare of protocol control and revenues.

Popular Web3 protocols and projects include e.g.

Lens protocol (social media)
Farcast (social media)
Paradise Tycoon (mobile game with NFTs)
Phaver (Reddit for Web3)
Sandbox (metaverse game)

Web3 has also other meanings

Historically, the technical term web3 referred to the three original decentralised technologies that were visioned when Ethereum launched:\nEthereum, shh, and bzz.
Web3 foundation is the name of the Swiss non-profit that launched Polkadot blockchain.

See also

\n","name":"Web3","slug":"web3","shortDescription":"Web3 is a social and technical movement to decentralised social media and online communities"},"weight-allocation":{"html":"

In portfolio construction, the weight allocation determines how many percents an individual asset position\nwill make out of the total portfolio.

One of the simplest weight allocation method is “1/Nth” allocation: the asset with the strongest alpha signal\nreceives 1/1th multiplier, the second asset 1/2th. The weightings are then normalised so that\nall assets make total of 100%.

Read about 1/Nth weight allocation <https://www.r-bloggers.com/2013/06/the-fallacy-of-1n-and-static-weight-allocation>.

See also

\n","name":"Weight allocation","slug":"weight-allocation","shortDescription":"In portfolio construction, the weight allocation determines how many percents an individual asset position\nwill make out of the total portfolio"},"xy-liquidity-model":{"html":"

XY liquidity model, as known as XYK, is a bonding curve model where the price of an asset follows the equation:

\$x*y=k_{market\\_maker}\$

This model was popularised by Uniswap version 2 decentralised exchange.\nAnyone can buy or sell coins by essentially shifting the market maker’s, also known as a liquidity provider, position on the x*y=k curve.

On Trading Strategy, the available liquidity is usually expressed as the US dollar amount of one side of the pair. For example adding 100 BNB + 5000 USD to the liquidity\nis presented as 5000 USD available liquidity.

See also

\n","name":"Yield farming","slug":"yield-farming","shortDescription":"Yield farming is a passive trading strategy in decentralised finance"},"zstd":{"html":"

The Zstd compression is a modern compression algorithm developed by Facebook. It tries\nto strike a good balance with speed/compression ratio for modern multithreaded\nCPUs.

zstd is also the command line utility that can be used to compress/decompress\nfiles in a terminal. It can be combined with tar to create archives\nof directories, like blockchain snaphots.

\n","name":"zstd","slug":"zstd","shortDescription":"The Zstd compression is a modern compression algorithm developed by Facebook"}}

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